So the green colours are land bought or leased by mining industries, the orange shows parcels of land rented by logging companies, and purple through black show different types of agro-industrial purchases.
This portion varies massively between countries. The second thing to note is the complicated but instrumental role that these large scale land aquisitions have played in driving deforestation patterns around the tropics. Below, each of these land deal points has been coloured to show how they relate to changes in forest cover.
Areas covered from yellow-to-red have seen an uptick in forest loss compared to nearby areas not under private ownership. This forest loss is concentrated in certain investments. Companies buying forested land for the production of export-oriented commodities, like plantations, end up chopping down forest around the world.
For areas in blue, such industrial aquisitions may have actually contributed to reducing deforestation. This is often associated with logging concessions and sometimes mining areas, and might be happening because active management has prevented incursion by smallholders, fended off illegal conversion, or batted away government-driven land-use reclassification. But what we have allowed to happen over the past few centuries is wholly unprecedented and bears dwelling on for a moment. We have permitted industrial profiteering within forested landscapes, and worst yet, we have often allowed this to happen in way that is plagued by corruption and where the beneifts captured by extraction are unfairly concentrated in the hands of the few.
Figure from Davis et al. Most Viewed 52 things to do in a rainforest views. We know your confidence in how we spend your contributions is paramount. To earn and maintain your trust, we have developed policies to ensure transparency, integrity, and accountability throughout our programs.
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Who We Are. The theorem has often been used over the past decades, in particular by neoliberal economists to argue that the property rights of common resources have to be assigned to individual actors. This has for instance resulted in the greenhouse gas emission trading system introduced by the European Union, giving individual industries the right to pollute for a certain period of time.
On the other hand, Nobel prize winning economist Elinor Ostrom has also demonstrated that there exist many communities in which common resources can be managed sustainably without having to divide them into individually owned parts. The rainforest is to a large extent Brazilian territory, and the Brazilian state is therefore without doubt responsible for it.
To what extent is the Tragedy of the Commons applicable to the Brazilian rainforest? On a small scale, it certainly is for some groups. In particular for individual farmers and agribusinesses: by burning parts of it, the primary forest is destroyed and can subsequently be turned into farmland and pastures.
The farmers profit individually until the whole resource is destroyed and the farmland is prone to get degraded from overuse. On a larger scale, however, property rights of the Brazilian rainforest in terms of national sovereignty are already clearly assigned: the rainforest is to a large extent Brazilian territory, and the Brazilian state is therefore without doubt responsible for it. Seeing that the Brazilian rainforest is being destroyed without any reaction from the international community would also be unacceptable.
Is Bolsonaro right with claiming this exclusive national right to decide about the rainforest as a domestic resource?
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