White people forced them to adopt the names, customs, myths, and god of their masters. Now, however, white civilization is destroying itself.
Malcolm writes to Elijah Muhammad every day and begins to pray. From reputable sources he learns that the first men and the great early civilizations were African, that the pharaohs were Africans, and that the great Western storyteller Aesop was an African. The horror of slavery and the bold nineteenth-century revolts of Nat Turner and John Brown impact him deeply. Studying the anti-British resistance of India and China, he also discovers that colonial exploitation, and opposition to it, was not limited to Africa.
He almost always finds a way to work the idea of race into his arguments, whether they are about military service or Shakespeare. Debate teaches him rhetorical skills he later uses to earn converts to the Nation of Islam. He is thrilled by his success in making a white minister publicly admit that Jesus was not white. Malcolm relocated from Michigan to live with his half sister Ella Collins in Boston when he was a teenager.
Malcolm became involved in the street life and criminal activities of Roxbury and Harlem while working as a train server on the Yankee Clipper route from Boston to New York. In February , at age 21, he was convicted of robbery and sentenced to years in the Charlestown State Prison.
Though Malcolm had only completed his education through the eighth grade, he began studying the dictionary, reading, and participating in courses in English and Latin. Malcolm himself contributed to this campaign, expressing a desire to learn more to expand his skill set. They were successful, and he was transferred March 31, In his autobiography, Malcolm described the Colony as "comparatively, a heaven, in many respects.
At Norfolk he had his own cell and more physical freedom. It had a hard time discrediting him, however, because of the law-abiding way in which he lived his post-prison life. Some scholars speculate that the FBI, with so many informants inside the Nation of Islam, knew about the plot to assassinate Malcolm and intentionally turned a blind eye to it. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you.
Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. His father may have been killed by white supremacists. He moved around constantly as a youth. Recommended for you. An all-white coroner's jury deliberates about Stokes' killing for 23 minutes and terms it "justifiable homicide. Later this year, Malcolm confirms that Elijah Muhammad has engaged in repeated adultery and had children with at least three of his young secretaries.
Although, in Haley's words, "We got off to a very poor start," eventually Malcolm warms to the project and begins to share the details of his life. The three men agree that Muhammad's behavior will be defended by likening it to that of several Old Testament prophets. But when Malcolm describes the idea to several other Nation of Islam ministers, he is accused of inflaming the situation. The next month Malcolm writes a letter of apology to Muhammad, but relations between them continue to cool.
August Malcolm observes the March on Washington, which he calls a "farce. December 1: Just a few days after President John F. Kennedy has been assassinated, Malcolm speaks at a Nation of Islam rally in New York and, in response to a question, describes the foul play that the United States has committed around the world and states that Kennedy's slaying is "a case of chickens coming home to roost.
Malcolm is also removed as the Nation's national representative and as minister of the Harlem Temple No. January Malcolm and his family spend a week at boxer Cassius Clay's Miami compound; Clay, though not yet a Muslim, seeks guidance as he prepares for a fight against Sonny Liston. After this visit, tensions increase between Malcolm and Elijah Muhammad.
Cassius Clay becomes a member of the Nation of Islam and is re-named Muhammad Ali at the Nation's annual convention; Malcolm is not invited. March: Suspended "indefinitely" by the Nation of Islam, Malcolm announces plans to form his own organization called "Muslim Mosque Incorporated.
Malcolm predicts that Black Muslim leaders will murder him because "I know where the bodies are buried. April: Malcolm delivers his famous election year "Ballot or the Bullet" speech, then leaves for a five-week tour of Egypt, Lebanon, Liberia, Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, and Saudi Arabia, where he makes a pilgrimage to Mecca and receives a new Islamic name: El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, as well as expresses a somewhat different attitude about race.
In Mecca, Malcolm writes, he witnessed "pilgrims of all colors from all parts of this earth displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood like I've never seen before.
Summer-Fall: Although celebrated as a leader abroad, Malcolm finds himself under increased attack at home; the Nation of Islam begins eviction proceedings against him, his brother Philbert denounces him, and his life is threatened. Malcolm retaliates by making repeated public reference to Elijah Muhammad's adultery.
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