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Even if there aren't current reports of infected humans in these areas, it doesn't mean you're risk-free. It's possible that local populations have been vaccinated and are protected from the disease, or that cases of yellow fever just haven't been detected and officially reported. If you're planning on traveling to these areas, you can protect yourself by getting a yellow fever vaccine at least several weeks before traveling.
Anyone can be infected with the yellow fever virus, but older adults are at greater risk of getting seriously ill. Complications during the toxic phase of a yellow fever infection include kidney and liver failure, jaundice, delirium, and coma. People who survive the infection recover gradually over a period of several weeks to months, usually without significant organ damage.
During this time a person may experience fatigue and jaundice. Other complications include secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumonia or blood infections. A highly effective vaccine exists to prevent yellow fever. Yellow fever is known to be present in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South America.
If you live in one of these areas, talk to your doctor about whether you need the yellow fever vaccine. If you plan to travel in these areas, talk with your doctor at least 10 days, but preferably three to four weeks, before your trip begins. Some countries require travelers to present a valid certificate of immunization upon entry. A single dose of the yellow fever vaccine provides protection for at least 10 years. Side effects are usually mild, lasting five to 10 days, and may include headaches, low-grade fevers, muscle pain, fatigue and soreness at the site of injection.
More-significant reactions — such as developing a syndrome similar to actual yellow fever, inflammation of the brain or death — can occur, most often in infants and older adults. The vaccine is considered safest for those between the ages of 9 months and 60 years. Talk to your doctor about whether the yellow fever vaccine is appropriate if your child is younger than 9 months, if you have a weakened immune system, are pregnant or if you're older than 60 years.
In addition to getting the vaccine, you can help protect yourself against yellow fever by protecting yourself against mosquitoes. Skin repellent. Yellow fever vaccine is regulated by International Health Regulations, so only authorized providers can administer the vaccine. Most providers of yellow fever vaccine can also give you other vaccines or medicines for travel.
To find an authorized yellow fever vaccination clinic, see our list of providers at Yellow Fever Vaccination Clinics. This is particularly true if they are receiving their first yellow fever vaccination.
In addition to considering the vaccine, travelers to endemic areas should protect themselves from yellow fever and other vector-borne diseases. Preventive measures include wearing clothes with long sleeves and long pants and using an effective insect repellent such as those with DEET, picaridin, IR, or oil of lemon eucalyptus. Reactions to yellow fever vaccine are generally mild. They can include mild headaches, muscle aches, and low-grade fevers.
There have been reports of extremely rare but serious events following yellow fever vaccination. See Reactions to yellow fever vaccine. Consult with your healthcare provider. Yellow fever vaccination has not been known to cause any birth defects when given to pregnant women.
Yellow fever vaccine has been given to many pregnant women without any apparent adverse effects on the fetus. However, since yellow fever vaccine is a live virus vaccine, it poses a theoretical risk.
While a two week delay between yellow fever vaccination and conception is probably adequate, a one month delay has been advocated as a more conservative approach. If a woman is inadvertently or of necessity vaccinated during pregnancy, she is unlikely to have any problems from the vaccine and her baby is very likely to be born healthy.
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